Peru is formally the Republic of Peru, a nation in western South America. It is surrounded in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the eastern by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and also in the south as well as west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peru is a megadiverse country with environments varying from the arid plains of the Pacific seaside region in the west to the optimals of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon container rain forest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of 34 million, and its funding and biggest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2 (0.5 million mi2), Peru is the 19th biggest country on the planet, and the 3rd biggest in South America.

Peruvian region was residence to several ancient cultures. Varying from the Caral-Supe world starting in 3500 BCE, the oldest civilization in the Americas and also one of the five cradles of people, to the Inca Realm, the largest recognized state in the pre-Columbian Americas, the area now including Peru has among the longest histories of world of any type of country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE.

The Spanish Empire conquered the area in the 16th century and also developed a viceroyalty that incorporated the majority of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official facility of the National College of San Marcos in Lima in 1551. Peru formally announced independence in 1821, and following the international military projects of José de San Martín as well as Simón Bolívar, and also the definitive fight of Ayacucho, Peru completed its self-reliance in 1824. In the ensuing years, the nation first endured of political instability up until a period of relative economic as well as political security begun due to the exploitation of guano.

Later, the War of the Pacific (1879– 1884) with Chile brought Peru to a state of situation where the oligarchy took power through the Civilista Party. In the 20th century, the nation sustained coups, social unrest, as well as inner disputes, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the nation applied a neoliberal economic model which is still being used to today. As the 2000s products boom took place, Peru experienced a period of constant financial growth and a reduction in destitution.